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About Basic Civitas Books
Directed by Henry Louis Gates, Jr., Basic Civitas Books is devoted to publishing a broad range of titles on African and African American Studies. With works by Cornel West and Orlando Patterson, as well as the forthcoming encyclopedia Africana, Basic Civitas Books will greatly enhance the presence of African American works in the marketplace.

Kwame Anthony Appiah is Professor of Afro-American Studies and Philosophy at Harvard University, President of the Society for African Philosophy in North America, an editor of Transition, Associate Director of the Black Periodical Literature Project, and a Board Member of the W.E.B. Du Bois Institute, and the former Chairman of the Joint Committee on African Studies of the Social Science Research Council and the American Council of Learned Studies. His interests are African and African American philosophy and literary theory; the history and theory of nationalism; Black nationalism, including Pan-Africanism; the idea of “race” and its history; multi-culturalism and pluralism; ethical questions about racism, and post-colonial literary theory.

Professor Appiah is the author of Color Conscience: The Political Morality of Race (1996) and In My Father’s House: Africa in the Philosophy of Culture (1992), a winner of the coveted Herkovitz prize. He is also the author of an introduction to analytic philosophy, several monographs in the philosophy of language, and three novels: Another Death in Venice, Nobody Likes Letitia, and Avenging Angel. In addition, he has published many articles and reviews on topics ranging from post-modernism to the collapse of the African state. His philosophical work has been largely in the philosophy of language and of mind; his work in African and African American Studies focuses on questions of race, ethnicity, culture, and identity. His current projects include Bu Me Bé: Proverbs of the Akan (of which his mother is the principal author), an annotated edition of 7500 proverbs in Twi, the language of Asante, in Ghana, where he grew up.

Professor Appiah earned his B.A. and Ph.D. in Philosophy at Clare College, Cambridge University. His first teaching post was at the University of Ghana, and he has since taught at Cambridge, Yale, Cornell, and Duke University.

 

Henry Louis Gates, Jr., is W.E.B. Du Bois Professor of Humanities. Chairman of the Department of Afro-American Studies at Harvard University, and Director of the W.E.B. Du Bois Institute for Afro-American Research at Harvard University. Professor Gates is an editor of Transition. His interests are African and African American literary criticism and history as well as cultural studies and literary theory.

Professor Gates is the author of several works of literary criticism including Figures in Black: Words, Signs and the “Racial’ Self (1987), The Signifying Monkey: A Theory of Afro-American Literary Criticism(1989, American Book Award winner), and Loose Canons: Notes on the Culture Wars (1992). He is also the author of Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Black Man (1997), The Future of Race (with Cornel West, 1996), and Colored People: A Memoir (1994), which traces his childhood experiences in a small West Virginia town in the 1950s and 1960s. He has edited several anthologies, including The Norton Anthology of African American Literature and The Oxford-Schomburg Library of Nineteenth-Century Black Women Writers. An influential cultural critic, Professor Gates’ publications also include a cover story on black artists for Time, “The Black Renaissance,” and numerous articles for The New Yorker, including, most recently, “The Chitlin Circuit” and “Black London.”

Professor Gates earned his M.A. and Ph.D. in English Language and Literature at Clare College, Cambridge, and his B.A. at Yale University. Before joining the faculty of Harvard in 1991, he taught at Duke, Cornell, and Yale University. He was named one of the “25 Most Influential Americans” by Time in 1997 and received a MacArthur Fellowship in 1981. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

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The term apartheid (from the Afrikaans word for “apartness”) was coined in the 1930s and used as a political slogan of the National Party in the early 1940s, but the policy itself extends back to the beginning of white settlement in South Africa in 1652. After the primarily Afrikaner Nationalists came to power in 1948, the social custom of apartheid was systematized under law.

The implementation of the policy, later referred to as “separate development,” was made possible by the Population Registration Act of 1950, which put all South Africans into three racial categories: Bantu (black African), white, or Coloured (of mixed race). A fourth category, Asian (Indians and Pakistanis), was added later. The system of apartheid was enforced by a series of laws passed in the 1950s: the Group Areas Act of 1950 assigned races to different residential and business sections in urban areas, and the Land Acts of 1954 and 1955 restricted nonwhite residence to specific areas. These laws further restricted the already limited right of black Africans to own land, entrenching the white minority’s control of over 80 percent of South African land. In addition, other laws prohibited most social contacts between the races; enforced the segregation of public facilities and the separation of educational standards; created race-specific job categories; restricted the powers of nonwhite unions; and curbed nonwhite participation in government.

The Bantu Authorities Act of 1951 and the Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act of 1959 furthered these divisions between the races by creating ten African “homelands” administered by what were supposed to be reestablished “tribal” organizations. The Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act of 1970 made every black South African a citizen of one of the homelands, effectively excluding blacks from South African politics. Most of the homelands, lacking natural resources, were not economically viable and, being both small and fragmented, lacked the autonomy of independent states.

Though the implementation and enforcement of apartheid was accompanied by tremendous suppression of opposition, continual resistance to apartheid existed within South Africa. A number of black political groups, often supported by sympathetic whites, opposed apartheid using a variety of tactics, including violence, strikes, demonstrations, and sabotage – strategies that often met with severe reprisals by the government. Apartheid was also denounced by the international community: in 1961 South Africa was forced to withdraw from the British Commonwealth by member states who were critical of the apartheid system, and in 1985 the governments of the United States and Great Britain imposed selective economic sanctions on South Africa in protest of its racial policy.

As antiapartheid pressure mounted within and outside South Africa, the South African government, led by President F. W. de Klerk, began to dismantle the apartheid system in the early 1990s. The year 1990 brought a National Party government dedicated to reform and also saw the legalization of formerly banned black congresses and the release of imprisoned black leaders. In 1994 the country’s constitution was rewritten and free general elections were held for the first time in its history, and with Nelson Mandela’s election as South Africa’s first black president, the last vestiges of the apartheid system were finally outlawed.

Alonford James Robinson, Jr.
See Also Afrikaner; Mandela, Nelson Rolihlahla; De Klerk, Frederik Willem.